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Searching for links between magnetic fields and stellar evolution. I. A survey of magnetic fields in open cluster A- and B-type stars with FORS1
Context: .About 5% of upper main sequence stars are permeated by astrong magnetic field, the origin of which is still matter of debate. Aims: . With this work we provide observational material to studyhow magnetic fields change with the evolution of stars on the mainsequence, and to constrain theory explaining the presence of magneticfields in A and B-type stars. Methods: . Using FORS1 inspectropolarimetric mode at the ESO VLT, we have carried out a survey ofmagnetic fields in early-type stars belonging to open clusters andassociations of various ages. Results: . We have measured themagnetic field of 235 early-type stars with a typical uncertainty of 100 G. In our sample, 97 stars are Ap or Bp stars. For thesetargets, the median error bar of our field measurements was 80 G.A field has been detected in about 41 of these stars, 37 of which werenot previously known as magnetic stars. For the 138 normal A and B-typestars, the median error bar was 136 G, and no field was detected in anyof them.
| A catalog of stellar magnetic rotational phase curves
Magnetized stars usually exhibit periodic variations of the effective(longitudinal) magnetic field Be caused by their rotation. Wepresent a catalog of magnetic rotational phase curves, Be vs.the rotational phase φ, and tables of their parameters for 136stars on the main sequence and above it. Phase curves were obtained bythe least squares fitting of sine wave or double wave functions to theavailable Be measurements, which were compiled from theexisting literature. Most of the catalogued objects are chemicallypeculiar A and B type stars (127 stars). For some stars we also improvedor determined periods of their rotation. We discuss the distribution ofparameters describing magnetic rotational phase curves in our sample.All tables and Appendix A are only available in electronic form athttp://www.edpsciences.org
| On the highly reddened members in six young galactic star clusters - a multiwavelength study
The spectral and reddening properties of 211 highly reddenedproper-motion members with V < 15 mag in six young galactic starclusters are investigated using low-resolution spectroscopic, broad-bandUBVRIJHK and mid-infrared (IR) data. We report emission features in CaIIHK and HI lines for a sample of 29 stars including 11 stars reported forthe first time and also provide either a new or more reliable spectralclass for a sample of 24 stars. CaII triplet width measurements are usedto indicate the presence of an accretion disc for a dozen stars and toindicate luminosity for a couple of stars. On the basis of spectralfeatures, near-IR excesses, dereddened colour-colour diagrams and mid-IRspectral indices we identify a group of 28 pre-main-sequence clustermembers including five highly probable Herbig Ae/Be and six classical TTauri stars. A total of 25 non-emission main-sequence (MS) stars,amounting to ~10 per cent early-type MS members, appears to showVega-like characteristics or are precursors to such a phenomenon. Thevarious membership indicators suggest that ~16 per cent of theproper-motion members are non-members. A significant fraction (>70per cent) of programme stars in NGC 1976, NGC 2244, NGC 6530 and NGC6611 show anomalous reddening with RV= 4.78 +/- 0.10, 3.54+/- 0.04, 3.87 +/- 0.05 and 3.56 +/- 0.02, respectively, indicating thepresence of grain size dust larger than that typical of the diffusemedium. A small number of stars in NGC 1976, NGC 2244 and NGC 6611 alsoshow normal behaviour while the cluster NGC 6823 appears to have normalreddening. Three highly luminous late-type giants, one in NGC 2244 andtwo in NGC 6530, appear to be members and are inpost-hydrogen-core-burning stages, suggesting a prolonged duration (~25Myr) of star formation.
| The Angular Momentum Evolution of 0.1-10 Msolar Stars from the Birth Line to the Main Sequence
Projected rotational velocities (vsini) have been measured for a sampleof 145 stars with masses between 0.4 and greater than 10Msolar (median mass 2.1 Msolar) located in theOrion star-forming complex. These measurements have been supplementedwith data from the literature for Orion stars with masses as low as 0.1Msolar. The primary finding from analysis of these data isthat the upper envelope of the observed values of angular momentum perunit mass (J/M) varies as M0.25 for stars on convectivetracks having masses in the range ~0.1 to ~3 Msolar. Thispower law extends smoothly into the domain of more massive stars (3-10Msolar), which in Orion are already on the zero-age mainsequence. This result stands in sharp contrast to the properties ofmain-sequence stars, which show a break in the power law and a sharpdecline in J/M with decreasing mass for stars with M<2Msolar. A second result of our study is that this break isseen already among the pre-main-sequence stars in our Orion sample thatare on radiative tracks, even though these stars are only a few millionyears old. A comparison of rotation rates seen for stars on either sideof the convective-radiative boundary shows that stars do not rotate assolid bodies during the transition from convective to radiative tracks.As a preliminary demonstration of how observations can be used toconstrain the processes that control early stellar angular momentum, weshow that the broad trends in the data can be accounted for by simplemodels that posit that stars (1) lose angular momentum before they aredeposited on the birth line, plausibly through star-disk interactions;(2) undergo additional braking as they evolve down their convectivetracks; and (3) are subject to core-envelope decoupling during theconvective-radiative transition.
| Discovery of a huge magnetic field in the very young star NGC 2244-334 in the Rosette Nebula cluster
During a survey of field strengths in upper main sequence stars in openclusters, we observed the star NGC 2244-334 in the Rosette Nebulacluster and discovered an extraordinarily large mean longitudinal fieldof about -9 kG, the second largest longitudinal field known in anon-degenerate star. This star appears to be a typical Ap He-wk (Si)star of about 4 Mȯ. Spectrum synthesis using a linesynthesis code incorporating the effects of the strong magnetic fieldindicates that He is underabundant by about 1.5 dex, and C, O and Mg byabout 0.1-0.4 dex, while Si, Mn and Fe are overabundant by about 1 dex,and Cr and Ti are nearly 2 dex overabundant.Cluster membership for this star is secure, so its age is about 2×106 yr, which is less than 3% of its main sequence lifetime.This star is one of the very youngest magnetic upper main sequence starswith a well-determined age, and confirms that both magnetic fields andstrong chemical peculiarity can appear in stars which are both extremelyyoung and very close to the ZAMS.This paper is based on data obtained at the European SouthernObservatory VLT during observing runs 70.D-0352 and 270.D-5032.
| The total-to-selective extinction ratio determined from near IR photometry of OB stars
The paper presents an extensive list of the total to selectiveextinction ratios R calculated from the infrared magnitudes of 597 O andB stars using the extrapolation method. The IR magnitudes of these starswere taken from the literature. The IR colour excesses are determinedwith the aid of "artificial standards" - Wegner (1994). The individualand mean values of total to selective extinction ratios R differ in mostcases from the average value R=3.10 +/-0.05 - Wegner (1993) in differentOB associations. The relation between total to selective extinctionratios R determined in this paper and those calculated using the "methodof variable extinction" and the Cardelli et al. (1989) formulae isdiscussed. The R values presented in this paper can be used to determineindividual absolute magnitudes of reddened OB stars with knowntrigonometric parallaxes.
| Catalogue of averaged stellar effective magnetic fields. I. Chemically peculiar A and B type stars
This paper presents the catalogue and the method of determination ofaveraged quadratic effective magnetic fields < B_e > for 596 mainsequence and giant stars. The catalogue is based on measurements of thestellar effective (or mean longitudinal) magnetic field strengths B_e,which were compiled from the existing literature.We analysed the properties of 352 chemically peculiar A and B stars inthe catalogue, including Am, ApSi, He-weak, He-rich, HgMn, ApSrCrEu, andall ApSr type stars. We have found that the number distribution of allchemically peculiar (CP) stars vs. averaged magnetic field strength isdescribed by a decreasing exponential function. Relations of this typehold also for stars of all the analysed subclasses of chemicalpeculiarity. The exponential form of the above distribution function canbreak down below about 100 G, the latter value representingapproximately the resolution of our analysis for A type stars.Table A.1 and its references are only available in electronic form atthe CDS via anonymous ftp to cdsarc.u-strasbg.fr (130.79.128.5) or viahttp://cdsweb.u-strasbg.fr/cgi-bin/qcat?J/A+A/407/631 and Tables 3 to 9are only available in electronic form at http://www.edpsciences.org
| On the behavior of the Cii 4267.261, 6578.052 and 6582.882 Å lines in chemically peculiar and standard stars
With the aim of investigating the possible particular behavior of carbonin a sample of chemically peculiar stars of the main sequence withoutturning to modeling, we performed spectroscopic observations of threeimportant and usually prominent single ionized carbon lines: 4267.261,6578.052 and 6582.882 Å. In addition, we observed a large numberof standard stars in order to define a kind of normality strip, usefulfor comparing the observed trend for the peculiar stars. We paidparticular attention to the problem of the determination of fundamentalatmospheric parameters, especially for the chemically peculiar stars forwhich the abundance anomalies change the flux distribution in such a waythat the classical photometric methods to infer effective temperaturesand gravities parameter cannot be applied. Regarding CP stars, we founda normal carbon abundance in Hg-Mn, Si (with some exceptions) and Hestrong stars. He weak stars are normal too, but with a large spread outof the data around the mean value. A more complicated behavior has beennoted in the group of SrCrEu stars: four out of seven show a strongoverabundance, being the others normal.
| Boron Abundances in B-Type Stars: A Test of Rotational Depletion during Main-Sequence Evolution
Boron abundances have been derived for seven main-sequence B-type starsfrom Hubble Space Telescope STIS spectra around the B III λ2066line. In two stars, boron appears to be undepleted with respect to thepresumed initial abundance. In one star, boron is detectable but isclearly depleted. In the other four stars, boron is undetectable,implying depletions of 1-2 dex. Three of these four stars are nitrogenenriched, but the fourth shows no enrichment of nitrogen. Onlyrotationally induced mixing predicts that boron depletions areunaccompanied by nitrogen enrichments. The inferred rate of borondepletion from our observations is in good agreement with thesepredictions. Other boron-depleted nitrogen-normal stars are identifiedfrom the literature. In addition, several boron-depleted nitrogen-richstars are identified, and while all fall on the boron-nitrogen trendpredicted by rotationally induced mixing, a majority have nitrogenenrichments that are not uniquely explained by rotation. The spectrahave also been used to determine iron group (Cr, Mn, Fe, and Ni)abundances. The seven B-type stars have near-solar iron groupabundances, as expected for young stars in the solar neighborhood. Wehave also analyzed the halo B-type star PG 0832+676. We find[Fe/H]=-0.88+/-0.10, and the absence of the B III line gives the upperlimit [B/H]<-2.5. These and other published abundances are used toinfer the star's evolutionary status as a post-asymptotic giant branchstar. Based on observations made with the NASA/ESA Hubble SpaceTelescope, obtained at the Space Telescope Science Institute, which isoperated by the Association of Universities for Research in Astronomy,Inc., under NASA contract NAS 5-26555. These observations are associatedwith proposal GO 07400.
| Boron Abundances in Early B Stars: Results from the B III Resonance Line in IUE Data
We have used archival International Ultraviolet Explorer high-dispersionSWP spectra to study the B III resonance line at 2065.8 Å in 44early B stars. We find a median boron abundance about half that of solarsystem meteoritic material, consistent with the values found fromprevious studies of boron in early B stars. About one-third of the starsstudied appear to have boron abundances that are a factor of 4 or morelower than this median. Many of these are stars with enhanced nitrogenabundances, confirming the belief that deep envelope mixing can occur inmain-sequence B stars. A few stars with low boron abundances have normalN/C ratios. It is unclear whether all of these can be explained as starswhere mixing depleted the boron but did not go deep enough to bringCN-processed material to the surface or if some stars were actuallyformed with an unusually low boron abundance.
| Classification and properties of UV extinction curves
The catalog of Savage et al. (\cite{ref27}) reporting colour excesses of1415 stars from ANS photometry offers the opportunity to deeplyinvestigate the characteristics of UV extinction curves which differfrom the standard extinction of the diffuse interstellar medium. To thisaim we have selected a sample of 252 curves, which have been comparedwith the relations derived by Cardelli et al. (\cite{ref4}; CCM in thefollowing) for a variety of R_V values in the range 2.4-5 and have beenclassified as normal if they fit at least one of the CCM curves oranomalous otherwise. We find that normal curves with small R_V are justas numerous as those with large R_V. The anomalous objects are arrangedinto two groups according to the strength of the bump at 0.217 mu . Fora given value of c_2 this increases along the sequence: type Aanomalous, normals and type B anomalous, suggesting that this sequenceshould correspond to an increase of the amount of small grains along thesightline. Considerations concerning the environmental characteristicsindicate that the anomalous behaviour is not necessarily tied to theexistence of dense gas clouds along the line of sight.
| On the Correlation between CO Absorption and Far-Ultraviolet Nonlinear Extinction toward Galactic OB Stars
A sample of 59 sight lines to reddened Galactic OB stars was examinedfor correlations of the strength of the CO Fourth Positive(A1Π-X1Σ+) absorption bandsystem with the ultraviolet interstellar extinction curve parameters. Weused archival high-dispersion NEWSIPS IUE spectra to measure the COabsorption for comparison with parametric fits of the extinction curvesfrom the literature. A strong correlation with the nonlinear far-UVcurvature term was found with greater absorption, normalized to E(B-V),being associated with more curvature. A weaker trend with the linearextinction term was also found. Mechanisms for enhancing CO in dustenvironments exhibiting high nonlinear curvature are discussed.
| Ultraviolet Interstellar Linear Polarization. V. Analysis of the Final Data Set
Using recent measurements of ultraviolet interstellar polarization, wehave examined its relationship to ultraviolet extinction and topolarization and extinction measurements in the visible and infrared.The relationship between the relative amount of ultraviolet polarizationand the parameter lambda_max, determined using only visible data, isconfirmed and strengthened, for example, by a tight correlation betweenp(6 mum^-1)/p_max and lambda^-1_max. A good fit to the wavelengthdependence of the polarization from the infrared to the ultraviolet canbe achieved with a five-parameter function combining a power law in theinfrared and a Serkowski-like function in the ultraviolet. Thepolarization efficiency (ratio of polarization to extinction) is less inthe ultraviolet than in the visual, and the ratio of these efficienciesincreases systematically with lambda^-1_max. We relate these effects tosystematic changes in the underlying aligned grain size distribution.The polarization efficiency of the grains causing the 2175 Åextinction bump along most sight lines is so (unusually) small that nostatistically significant polarization feature is detectable in thatwavelength region. Only two of 28 sight lines show a definitepolarization feature. The environments of the two bump sight lines aresimilar but not unique, and the mechanism for producing the polarizationfeature along only these two sight lines is still not known.
| On magnetic fields of Herbig Ae/Be stars.
Not Available
| On the HIPPARCOS photometry of chemically peculiar B, A, and F stars
The Hipparcos photometry of the Chemically Peculiar main sequence B, A,and F stars is examined for variability. Some non-magnetic CP stars,Mercury-Manganese and metallic-line stars, which according to canonicalwisdom should not be variable, may be variable and are identified forfurther study. Some potentially important magnetic CP stars are noted.Tables 1, 2, and 3 are available only in electronic form at the CDS viaanonymous ftp to cdsarc.u-strasbg.fr (130.79.128.5) or viahttp://cdsweb.u-strasbg.fr/Abstract.html
| A spectroscopic study of some suspected chemically peculiar stars
Time-resolved spectra in the 410 - 700 nm range have been obtained toinvestigate 10 stars which are classified as suspected chemicallypeculiar stars in The General Catalogue of Ap and Am stars by Renson etal. (1991) or in the latest literature. Among the studied stars, HD20629presents metal abundances which are significantly different from mainsequence star values and it should be classified as Silicon star. Fromthe Hei587.6 nm line, we conclude that HD35575 is a helium weak star.Because of the found radial velocity variability and the derivedabundances, the periodic photometric variable HD38602 could be anellipsoidal variable.
| A catalogue of [Fe/H] determinations: 1996 edition
A fifth Edition of the Catalogue of [Fe/H] determinations is presentedherewith. It contains 5946 determinations for 3247 stars, including 751stars in 84 associations, clusters or galaxies. The literature iscomplete up to December 1995. The 700 bibliographical referencescorrespond to [Fe/H] determinations obtained from high resolutionspectroscopic observations and detailed analyses, most of them carriedout with the help of model-atmospheres. The Catalogue is made up ofthree formatted files: File 1: field stars, File 2: stars in galacticassociations and clusters, and stars in SMC, LMC, M33, File 3: numberedlist of bibliographical references The three files are only available inelectronic form at the Centre de Donnees Stellaires in Strasbourg, viaanonymous ftp to cdsarc.u-strasbg.fr (130.79.128.5), or viahttp://cdsweb.u-strasbg.fr/Abstract.html
| A calibration of Geneva photometry for B to G stars in terms of Teff, log G and [M/H]
We have used recent Kurucz models and numerous standard stars to improvethe calibration of the Geneva photometric system proposed a few yearsago. A new photometric diagram for the classification of intermediatestars (8500 <= Teff <= 11000 K) is proposed and fills agap that the previous calibration had left open. Evidence is given for aclear inadequacy of the new Kurucz models in the region of the parameterspace where convection begins to take over radiation in the star'satmosphere. This problem makes the determination of the surface gravitydifficult, but leaves that of the other parameters apparentlyunaffected. The determination of metallicity is considerably improved,thanks to the homogeneous spectroscopic data published recently by\cite[Edvardsson et al. (1993)]{ref23}. Instead of showing thetraditional diagrams, we chose to publish the diagrams of the physicalparameters with the inverted grids inside, i.e. the lines of constantphotometric parameters.
| Dust properties in the direction of Trumpler 37.
The fourteen brightest OB stars of the Trumpler 37 Cluster have beenobserved in the V,R,I,J,H,K photometric bands. These have been used toderive accurate measurements of the quantity R_V_=A_V_/E(B-V). Differentfrom previous studies it is found that in Trumpler 37 isclose to the mean interstellar value of 3.1. Most of the reddeningtowards Trumpler 37 is found to be of foreground origin. This isconsistent with the lack of variations, observed by us, of R_V_ with theprojected distance from the center of the cluster. In two highlyreddened stars of the cluster, whose reddening is certainly mostlylocal, the observed R_V_ is lower than the mean interstellar value of3.1. This is to be compared with the behaviour of the Trapezium stars inOrion, whose R_V_ is quite above such value whereas the age of thecluster is similar to the one of Trumpler 37.
| Magnesium abundance in main sequence B-type and magnetic chemically peculiar stars.
The abundance of magnesium for a sample of 19 main sequence B-type and41 magnetic chemically peculiar stars has been derived by spectrumsynthesis analysis of the MgII448.1nm line under the LTE assumption. Thelogarithm of the average Mg abundance for the main sequence stars is log(N(MgII)/N(Tot))=-4.28+/-0.19. Comparing magnetic chemically peculiar(Cp) and main sequence stars with equal effective temperature andgravity, one finds that the magnesium abundance tends to be lower inpeculiar stars with the exception of helium rich stars where thiselement can be overabundant. In Cp stars with effective temperature ofabout 14000K, the magnesium abundance does not depend on gravity,microturbulent velocity or rotational period. There appears to exist acorrelation between the magnesium abundance and the surface magneticfield, with the stars poorest in magnesium presenting the strongestmagnetic fields. In accord with the theory of magnetically controlleddiffusion - which predicts a non-homogeneous distribution of magnesiumover the stellar surface and stratification in the photosphere - somepeculiar stars show evidence of spectral variability with the rotationalphase; the respective magnesium abundances of the HgMn stars HD49606 andHD78316 depend on optical depth.
| Conditions of search for magnetic stars at early evolution stages.
Not Available
| Proper motions of stars in the region of the Orion Nebula cluster (C 0532-054).
Relative proper motions and membership probabilities for 333 starswithin an area of 1.6deg by 1.8deg centred on the Orion Nebula M 42 aredetermined using plates taken over a period of 83 years with the doubleastrograph of Shanghai Observatory (scale of 30"/mm). The plates weremeasured with the ASTROSCAN automatic plate-measuring machine of LeidenObservatory. The average proper motion accuracy obtained for stars inthe photographic magnitude range 7 to 14 is 0.3mas/yr. Errors aresomewhat larger towards fainter and brighter magnitude, but the majoritylie well below 1mas/yr. 64% of the stars have been measured successfullyon at least 13 out of 18 plates. The number of stars with membershipprobabilities higher than 0.7 is 184. It is shown by a detaileddiscussion that the proper motions and membership probabilities of thestars determined in this paper are in good agreement with the resultspresented recently by other authors. Although there is a clearconcentration in the proper motion diagram, both the remainingdispersion of the internal motions and the distribution of "members" asprojected on the sky indicate that the stars in this region are notbound as one system, but do have a common origin. A similar conclusioncan be drawn from a comparison with spectroscopic and radial velocitydata.
| Vitesses radiales. Catalogue WEB: Wilson Evans Batten. Subtittle: Radial velocities: The Wilson-Evans-Batten catalogue.
We give a common version of the two catalogues of Mean Radial Velocitiesby Wilson (1963) and Evans (1978) to which we have added the catalogueof spectroscopic binary systems (Batten et al. 1989). For each star,when possible, we give: 1) an acronym to enter SIMBAD (Set ofIdentifications Measurements and Bibliography for Astronomical Data) ofthe CDS (Centre de Donnees Astronomiques de Strasbourg). 2) the numberHIC of the HIPPARCOS catalogue (Turon 1992). 3) the CCDM number(Catalogue des Composantes des etoiles Doubles et Multiples) byDommanget & Nys (1994). For the cluster stars, a precise study hasbeen done, on the identificator numbers. Numerous remarks point out theproblems we have had to deal with.
| Radio continuum emission from stars: a catalogue update.
An updated version of my catalogue of radio stars is presented. Somestatistics and availability are discussed.
| A new list of effective temperatures of chemically peculiar stars. II.
Not Available
| Chemical evolution of the Orion association. 2: The carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, silicon, and iron abundances of main-sequence B stars
Carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, and silicon abundances are presented fromlocal thermodynamic equilibrium (LTE) and non-LTE analyses of C II, NII, and Si III lines in the spectra of 18 main-sequence B stars from thefour subgroups comprising the Orion association. Iron LTE abundancesfrom Fe III lines are also presented. The C, N, and Fe abundances showno significant variations across the subgroups, but the O and Siabundances are found to be higher for some of the youngest stars thatare collocated on the sky and at a common distance. The O and Siabundances are correlated. Although such a correlation may in partreflect measurement errors, it is suggested that the enrichment of youngstars in O and Si arose because they were formed from regions of themolecular cloud enriched with the ejecta of Type II supernovae, whichare predicted to be rich in O and Si but not in C and N. With theexception of one star, we see no evidence for CN-cycled material on thestars' surfaces. The stellar abundances agree, within the expecteduncertainties, with published nebular analyses that show Orion to beslightly underabundant in C, N, and O relative to the Sun.
| Incidence of X-ray sources among magnetic chemically peculiar stars
Cash & Snow (1982) and Golub et al. (1983) have detected X-rayemission from 3 out of 7 observed magnetic chemically peculiar (CP)stars. Although the incidence of X-ray sources apparently is very high,these authors concluded that such emission is not unquestionable becauseof the presence of a companion. To determine the incidence of X-raysources among hot CP stars, I have checked the list of B-type starsmeasured by Grillo et al. (1992) selecting 90 stars. Of the 4 magneticCP stars showing X-ray emission 3 are members of a binary system. Thusit appears that detectable X-ray emission from magnetic CP stars is notvery common and still questionable. To find out whether HD 37017presents X-ray emission (Drake et al. 1987) or not (Grillo et al. 1992),I have analyzed an HRI frame from the ROSAT satellite finding noevidence for X-ray emission at this star's position.
| An abundance comparison between B stars and nebula in the Orion association.
Abstract image available at:http://adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-bib_query?1993RMxAA..27..111C&db_key=AST
| Evolutionary status and chemical composition of the atmospheres of He-weak stars.
Not Available
| Tracing the Roots of Interstellar Mid Infrared Emission
Abstract image available at:http://adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-bib_query?1993A&A...275..549J&db_key=AST
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Observation and Astrometry data
| Constellation: | Orion |
| Right ascension: | 05h32m57.08s |
| Declination: | -04°33'59.3" |
| Apparent magnitude: | 7.648 |
| Distance: | 1492.537 parsecs |
| Proper motion RA: | 3 |
| Proper motion Dec: | -1.1 |
| B-T magnitude: | 7.638 |
| V-T magnitude: | 7.648 |
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