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Secular Evolution in Mira Variable Pulsations
Stellar evolution theory predicts that asymptotic giant branch (AGB)stars undergo a series of short thermal pulses that significantly changetheir luminosity and mass on timescales of hundreds to thousands ofyears. These pulses are confirmed observationally by the existence ofthe short-lived radioisotope technetium in the spectra of some of thesestars, but other observational consequences of thermal pulses are subtleand may only be detected over many years of observations. Secularchanges in these stars resulting from thermal pulses can be detected asmeasurable changes in period if the star is undergoing Mira pulsations.It is known that a small fraction of Mira variables exhibit largesecular period changes, and the detection of these changes among alarger sample of stars could therefore be useful in evolutionary studiesof these stars. The American Association of Variable Star Observers(AAVSO) International Database currently contains visual data for over1500 Mira variables. Light curves for these stars span nearly a centuryin some cases, making it possible to study the secular evolution of thepulsation behavior on these timescales. In this paper we present theresults of our study of period change in 547 Mira variables using datafrom the AAVSO. We use wavelet analysis to measure the period changes inindividual Mira stars over the span of available data. By making linearfits to the period versus time measurements, we determine the averagerates of period change, dlnP/dt, for each of these stars. We findnonzero dlnP/dt at the 2 σ significance level in 57 of the 547stars, at the 3 σ level in 21 stars, and at the level of 6 σor greater in eight stars. The latter eight stars have been previouslynoted in the literature, and our derived rates of period change largelyagree with published values. The largest and most statisticallysignificant dlnP/dt are consistent with the rates of period changeexpected during thermal pulses on the AGB. A number of other starsexhibit nonmonotonic period change on decades-long timescales, the causeof which is not yet known. In the majority of stars, the periodvariations are smaller than our detection threshold, meaning theavailable data are not sufficient to unambiguously measure slowevolutionary changes in the pulsation period. It is unlikely that morestars with large period changes will be found among heretoforewell-observed Mira stars in the short term, but continued monitoring ofthese and other Mira stars may reveal new and serendipitous candidatesin the future.
| Reprocessing the Hipparcos data of evolved stars. III. Revised Hipparcos period-luminosity relationship for galactic long-period variable stars
We analyze the K band luminosities of a sample of galactic long-periodvariables using parallaxes measured by the Hipparcos mission. Theparallaxes are in most cases re-computed from the Hipparcos IntermediateAstrometric Data using improved astrometric fits and chromaticitycorrections. The K band magnitudes are taken from the literature andfrom measurements by COBE, and are corrected for interstellar andcircumstellar extinction. The sample contains stars of several spectraltypes: M, S and C, and of several variability classes: Mira, semiregularSRa, and SRb. We find that the distribution of stars in theperiod-luminosity plane is independent of circumstellar chemistry, butthat the different variability types have different P-L distributions.Both the Mira variables and the SRb variables have reasonablywell-defined period-luminosity relationships, but with very differentslopes. The SRa variables are distributed between the two classes,suggesting that they are a mixture of Miras and SRb, rather than aseparate class of stars. New period-luminosity relationships are derivedbased on our revised Hipparcos parallaxes. The Miras show a similarperiod-luminosity relationship to that found for Large Magellanic CloudMiras by Feast et al. (\cite{Feast-1989:a}). The maximum absolute Kmagnitude of the sample is about -8.2 for both Miras and semi-regularstars, only slightly fainter than the expected AGB limit. We show thatthe stars with the longest periods (P>400 d) have high mass lossrates and are almost all Mira variables.Based on observations from the Hipparcos astrometric satellite operatedby the European Space Agency (ESA \cite{Hipparcos}).Table \ref{Tab:data1} is only available in electronic form at the CDSvia anonymous ftp to cdsarc.u-strasbg.fr (130.79.128.5) or viahttp://cdsweb.u-strasbg.fr/cgi-bin/qcat?J/A+A/403/993
| How many Hipparcos Variability-Induced Movers are genuine binaries?
Hipparcos observations of some variable stars, and especially oflong-period (e.g. Mira) variables, reveal a motion of the photocentercorrelated with the brightness variation (variability-induced mover -VIM), suggesting the presence of a binary companion. A re-analysis ofthe Hipparcos photometric and astrometric data does not confirm the VIMsolution for 62 among the 288 VIM objects (21%) in the Hipparcoscatalogue. Most of these 288 VIMs are long-period (e.g. Mira) variables(LPV). The effect of a revised chromaticity correction, which accountsfor the color variations along the light cycle, was then investigated.It is based on ``instantaneous'' V-I color indices derived fromHipparcos and Tycho-2 epoch photometry. Among the 188 LPVs flagged asVIM in the Hipparcos catalogue, 89 (47%) are not confirmed as VIM afterthis improved chromaticity correction is applied. This dramatic decreasein the number of VIM solutions is not surprising, since the chromaticitycorrection applied by the Hipparcos reduction consortia was based on afixed V-I color. Astrophysical considerations lead us to adopt a morestringent criterion for accepting a VIM solution (first-kind risk of0.27% instead of 10% as in the Hipparcos catalogue). With this moresevere criterion, only 27 LPV stars remain VIM, thus rejecting 161 ofthe 188 (86%) of the LPVs defined as VIMs in the Hipparcos catalogue.Based on observations from the Hipparcos astrometric satellite operatedby the European Space Agency (ESA 1997).Table 1 is also available in electronic form at the CDS, via anonymousftp to cdsarc.u-strasbg.fr (130.79.128.5) or viahttp://cdsweb.u-strasbg.fr/cgi-bin/qcat?J/A+A/399/1167
| Hipparcos red stars in the HpV_T2 and V I_C systems
For Hipparcos M, S, and C spectral type stars, we provide calibratedinstantaneous (epoch) Cousins V - I color indices using newly derivedHpV_T2 photometry. Three new sets of ground-based Cousins V I data havebeen obtained for more than 170 carbon and red M giants. These datasetsin combination with the published sources of V I photometry served toobtain the calibration curves linking Hipparcos/Tycho Hp-V_T2 with theCousins V - I index. In total, 321 carbon stars and 4464 M- and S-typestars have new V - I indices. The standard error of the mean V - I isabout 0.1 mag or better down to Hp~9 although it deteriorates rapidly atfainter magnitudes. These V - I indices can be used to verify thepublished Hipparcos V - I color indices. Thus, we have identified ahandful of new cases where, instead of the real target, a random fieldstar has been observed. A considerable fraction of the DMSA/C and DMSA/Vsolutions for red stars appear not to be warranted. Most likely suchspurious solutions may originate from usage of a heavily biased color inthe astrometric processing.Based on observations from the Hipparcos astrometric satellite operatedby the European Space Agency (ESA 1997).}\fnmsep\thanks{Table 7 is onlyavailable in electronic form at the CDS via anonymous ftp tocdsarc.u-strasbg.fr (130.79.128.5) or viahttp://cdsweb.u-strasbg.fr/cgi-bin/qcat?J/A+A/397/997
| Long period variable stars: galactic populations and infrared luminosity calibrations
In this paper HIPPARCOS astrometric and kinematic data are used tocalibrate both infrared luminosities and kinematical parameters of LongPeriod Variable stars (LPVs). Individual absolute K and IRAS 12 and 25luminosities of 800 LPVs are determined and made available in electronicform. The estimated mean kinematics is analyzed in terms of galacticpopulations. LPVs are found to belong to galactic populations rangingfrom the thin disk to the extended disk. An age range and a lower limitof the initial mass is given for stars of each population. A differenceof 1.3 mag in K for the upper limit of the Asymptotic Giant Branch isfound between the disk and old disk galactic populations, confirming itsdependence on the mass in the main sequence. LPVs with a thin envelopeare distinguished using the estimated mean IRAS luminosities. The levelof attraction (in the classification sense) of each group for the usualclassifying parameters of LPVs (variability and spectral types) isexamined. Table only available in electronic form at the CDS viaanonymous ftp to cdsarc.u-strasbg.fr (130.79.128.5) or viahttp://cdsweb.u-strasbg.fr/cgi-bin/qcat?J/A+A/374/968 or via ASTRIDdatabase (http://astrid.graal.univ-montp2.fr).
| Stars with the Largest Hipparcos Photometric Amplitudes
A list of the 2027 stars that have the largest photometric amplitudes inHipparcos Photometry shows that most variable stars are all Miras. Thepercentage of variable types change as a function of amplitude. Thiscompilation should also be of value to photometrists looking forrelatively unstudied, but large amplitude stars.
| Infrared colours for Mira-like long-period variables found in the (Mȯ<~10-7 Msolar yr-1) Hipparcos Catalogue
Near-infrared, JHKL, photometry is presented for 193 Mira andsemi-regular variables that were observed by Hipparcos; periods,bolometric magnitudes and amplitudes are derived for 92 of them. Becauseof the way in which the Hipparcos targets were selected, this group ofstars provides a useful data base of Miras with low mass-loss rates(Mȯ<~10-7Msolaryr-1).Various period-colour relationships are discussed in detail. The colour,particularly BCK = 10.86 - 38.10 K (J - K)0 +64.16(J - K)20 - 50.72(J -K)30 + 19, K-L, at a given period is found todepend on the pulsation amplitude of the star. A comparison with modelssuggests that this is a consequence of atmospheric extension, in thesense that large-amplitude pulsators have very extended atmospheres andredder Mȯ<10-7Msolaryr-1, K-L and H-K but bluerJ-H than their lower amplitude counterparts. The stars with veryextended atmospheres also have higher values of K-[12] and hence highermass-loss rates. This finding provides further evidence for the causalconnection between pulsation and mass loss. Two sequences are identifiedin the Hp-K versus logP diagram (where Hp is the Hipparcos broad-bandmagnitude) at short periods (logP<2.35). At a given period these twogroups have, on average, the same pulsation amplitude, but differentJHKL colours and spectral types. The short-period stars in the bluersequence have similar near-infrared colours to the Miras found inglobular clusters. Long-term trends in the infrared light curves arediscussed for stars that have sufficient data.
| Mira kinematics from Hipparcos data: a Galactic bar to beyond the Solar circle
The space motions of Mira variables are derived from radial velocities,Hipparcos proper motions and a period-luminosity relation. Thepreviously known dependence of Mira kinematics on the period ofpulsation is confirmed and refined. In addition, it is found that Miraswith periods in the range 145-200d in the general Solar neighbourhoodhave a net radial outward motion from the Galactic Centre of75+/-18kms-1. This, together with a lag behind the circularvelocity of Galactic rotation of 98+/-19kms-1, is interpretedas evidence for an elongation of their orbits, with their major axesaligned at an angle of ~17° with the Sun-Galactic Centre line,towards positive Galactic longitudes. This concentration seems to be acontinuation to the Solar circle and beyond of the bar-like structure ofthe Galactic bulge, with the orbits of some local Miras probablypenetrating into the bulge. These conclusions are not sensitive to thedistance scale adopted. A further analysis is given of the short-period(SP) red group of Miras discussed in companion papers in this series. InAppendix A the mean radial velocities and other data for 842 oxygen-richMira-like variables are tabulated. These velocities were derived frompublished optical and radio observations.
| Period-Luminosity-Colour distribution and classification of Galactic oxygen-rich LPVs. I. Luminosity calibrations
The absolute K magnitudes and kinematic parameters of about 350oxygen-rich Long-Period Variable stars are calibrated, by means of anup-to-date maximum-likelihood method, using Hipparcos parallaxes andproper motions together with radial velocities and, as additional data,periods and V-K colour indices. Four groups, differing by theirkinematics and mean magnitudes, are found. For each of them, we alsoobtain the distributions of magnitude, period and de-reddened colour ofthe base population, as well as de-biased period-luminosity-colourrelations and their two-dimensional projections. The SRa semiregulars donot seem to constitute a separate class of LPVs. The SRb appear tobelong to two populations of different ages. In a PL diagram, theyconstitute two evolutionary sequences towards the Mira stage. The Mirasof the disk appear to pulsate on a lower-order mode. The slopes of theirde-biased PL and PC relations are found to be very different from theones of the Oxygen Miras of the LMC. This suggests that a significantnumber of so-called Miras of the LMC are misclassified. This alsosuggests that the Miras of the LMC do not constitute a homogeneousgroup, but include a significant proportion of metal-deficient stars,suggesting a relatively smooth star formation history. As a consequence,one may not trivially transpose the LMC period-luminosity relation fromone galaxy to the other Based on data from the Hipparcos astrometrysatellite. Appendix B is only available in electronic form at the CDSvia anonymous ftp to cdsarc.u-strasbg.fr (130.79.128.5) or viahttp://cdsweb.u-strasbg.fr/Abstract.html
| Long-Term Changes in Mira Stars. I. Period Fluctuations in Mira Stars
It has been known since the pioneering work of Eddington & Plakidisthat the period changes in Mira stars are dominated by the effects ofrandom cycle-to-cycle fluctuations in period, at least in the limitedsample of stars that were studied. We have extended their work, using aportion of the American Association of Variable Star Observers (AAVSO)international database of variable star observations: times andmagnitudes of maximum and minimum magnitude of 391 bright Mira starsover 75 yr (Kowalsky et al.). The Eddington & Plakidis model fitsthe data in almost every case, at least over a time interval of severaltens of cycles. There is a weak correlation between the fractionalperiod fluctuation, per cycle, and the period (or color) of the star,but not with the amplitude or chemical type (M, S, or C).
| Classification and Identification of IRAS Sources with Low-Resolution Spectra
IRAS low-resolution spectra were extracted for 11,224 IRAS sources.These spectra were classified into astrophysical classes, based on thepresence of emission and absorption features and on the shape of thecontinuum. Counterparts of these IRAS sources in existing optical andinfrared catalogs are identified, and their optical spectral types arelisted if they are known. The correlations between thephotospheric/optical and circumstellar/infrared classification arediscussed.
| Mean light curves of long-period variables and discrimination between carbon- and oxygen-rich stars
Using 75 years of AAVSO data, mean light curve parameters of a sample of355 long period M, S, and C mira and semi-regular variable stars areinvestigated. We present a classification of the light curves of LPVsinto 6 distinct groups. Combining this classification with IRAS colorsmakes it possible to distinguish oxygen-rich from carbon-rich miras.Table 2 is only available in electronic form at the CDS via anonymousftp to cdsarc.u-strasbg.fr (130.79.128.5) or viahttp://cdsweb.u-strasbg.fr/Abstract.html
| SiO maser survey of late-type stars. I. Simultaneous observations of six transitions of ^28^SiO and ^29^SiO.
Simultaneous observations of the ^28^SiO v=0, 1, 2, and 3, J=1-0 and^29^SiO v=0 and 1, J=1-0 transitions for 102 late-type stars were madewith a sensitivity of about 2Jy at the 3σ level using the 45 mtelescope of Nobeyama Radio Observatory (NRO). SiO maser emission wasdetected in 83 stars; seven of them being new detections. The v=3 maserwas detected in 12 stars with eight new detections. Most of the v=3masers occur at the same radial velocity of the strongest spikes of thev=1 and 2 masers. We also newly found the ^29^SiO v=0 maser in sixstars. The ^29^SiO v=0 line is stronger and narrower than the ^28^SiOv=0 line, indicating that the ^29^SiO line is masing. In most cases, the^29^SiO line shows a single narrow profile (FWHM=1 to 3km/s), with peakradial velocities coincident with the stellar velocity derived from OHmaser and/or SiO/CO thermal lines within 1km/s. Therefore, this maserline provides excellent means to measure the stellar velocities oflate-type stars. The ^28^SiO v=0, J=1-0 line was detected in elevenstars, with three new detections.
| Vitesses radiales. Catalogue WEB: Wilson Evans Batten. Subtittle: Radial velocities: The Wilson-Evans-Batten catalogue.
We give a common version of the two catalogues of Mean Radial Velocitiesby Wilson (1963) and Evans (1978) to which we have added the catalogueof spectroscopic binary systems (Batten et al. 1989). For each star,when possible, we give: 1) an acronym to enter SIMBAD (Set ofIdentifications Measurements and Bibliography for Astronomical Data) ofthe CDS (Centre de Donnees Astronomiques de Strasbourg). 2) the numberHIC of the HIPPARCOS catalogue (Turon 1992). 3) the CCDM number(Catalogue des Composantes des etoiles Doubles et Multiples) byDommanget & Nys (1994). For the cluster stars, a precise study hasbeen done, on the identificator numbers. Numerous remarks point out theproblems we have had to deal with.
| Circumstellar Dust in Mira Variables and the Mass Loss Mechanisms
Abstract image available at:http://adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-bib_query?1993A&A...273..570A&db_key=AST
| S stars: infrared colors, technetium, and binarity
Abstract image available at:http://adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-bib_query?1993A&A...271..463J&db_key=AST
| Emission features in IRAS LRS spectra of M Mira variables
A total of 291 M Mira variables with IRAS low-resolution spectrometer(LRS) spectra that have 8-micron fluxes greater than 15 Jy have beenanalyzed. After subtraction of a 2500 K blackbody energy distributionfrom the spectrum, the remaining difference spectra can be classifiedinto seven groups, depending on the shape of their spectral emissionfeatures around 10 microns: Sil, Sil(+) Sil(2+), S, three-component,'broad', and no feature. The spectral emission features are interpretedas being produced primarily by amorphous silicates with differingamounts of crystalline olivine. A weak broad feature at 9-13 microns ispossibly produced by aluminum oxide and/or a size distribution ofsilicate particles that favors larger grains. The 8-22-micron IR excess,defined as the fraction of energy above the 2500 K continuum, shows onlya slight tendency to correlate with period and no tendency to correlatewith mass loss rate. Maser emission from OH and H2O is much morefrequently detected in stars that show the Sil or Sil(+) emissionfeature, but SiO maser emission is detected with the same percentage inall emission feature classes with the exception of the S feature. Starsshowing the S feature appear to be closely related to the MS and Sstars.
| Photometry of R Coronae Borealis and hydrogen-deficient carbon stars, II 1986.
Not Available
| Lunar occultations of IRAS point sources, 1991-2000
Abstract image available at:http://adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-bib_query?1989ApJS...69..651C&db_key=AST
| IRAS low resolution spectrograph spectral class and M and S Miras
A large sample of 177 M and S Miras, as revealed by their IRAS LRSspectral class, have been examined to determine the dependence ofsilicate emission on the visual light curve asymmetry factor, f. It isconfirmed that 9.7-micron silicate emission feature not only in M but inS Miras also occurs only when f is not greater than 0.45. However, notall stars with f of not greater than 0.45 show the silicate emission;this nondetection reveals dependence on other parameters like the meanvisual light amplitude. Though strong emission feature in M Miras mayoccur for any value of f, very weak features are absent for small valuesof f, and the strongest features tend to appear for larger values of f.Infrared excess tends to increase with the strength of the silicateemission as well as with decrease in the value of f. The probability ofdetection of silicate emission is very high for the visual light curveclasses (Ludendorff, 1928) alpha 1, alpha 2, and alpha 3, decreases foralpha 4 and gamma 1, and is negligible for the beta class.
| Criteria for OH maser emission from circumstellar envelopes of oxygen-rich Mira-type red giants
A large and representative sample of oxygen-rich Mira stars was selectedand observed in the 18 cm OH lines at their optical maximum. A total of14 new OH sources were detected. The OH maser emission is found in theintrinsically bright far-IR objects with late M spectral type. Othercharacteristics of the Miras are high (H-K) and (K-L) colors. Theirperiods are on average longer and their (25-12) colors on average redderthan those of non-OH Miras. The (J-H) and (60-25) colors are the samefor OH and non-OH stars. In most cases, OH and H2O masers existsimultaneously. The observed stars form a sequence along which theperiod and the stellar luminosity increase, the stellar radiusincreases, the dust shell radius increases by a smaller factor, thephotospheric temperature decreases but the dust shell temperature isroughly constant, and the mass loss rate and thus the thickness and thebrighntess of the envelope increase considerably.
| Classification of Mira variables based on visual light curve shape
The paper presents classifications of 368 Mira variables of M, S and Cspectral classes based on the shape of their visual light curve. Theclassification is esentially based on Ludendorff's (1928) scheme and thelight curves used are mainly from the compilation of Campbell (1955).The distribution of light curves over period, mean amplitude, lightcurve asymmetry factor, period variability, and spectral class atmaximum is discussed.
| Additional late-type stars with technetium
The results of a survey of 279 late-type giants and supergiants for thespectral lines of the radioactive element technetium (Tc I) at 4297,4262, and 4238 A are presented. The following conclusions are reached:(1) the presence of Tc correlates very strongly with the existence oflight variability; (2) evolutionary MS stars show Tc and spectroscopicMS stars do not show Tc; (3) single S stars show Tc; (4) SC stars showTc; (5) about 75 percent of the C stars show Tc; and (6) Ba II stars donot show Tc. The findings are compatible with predictions from stellarevolution theory.
| Shape of the visual light curve and detection of a 1.35 CM H2O line in single M Miras
The probability of detecting a 1.35-cm H2O vapor line from single M Miravariables has been found to depend on the actual shape of the visuallight curve. Following the classification scheme of Ludendorff (1928),the probability of detection of H2O is highest for alpha-class lightcurves, reduces drastically for beta-class, and is almost nil forgamma-class. Similar tendency is exhibited by the mean luminosity of H2Oin the three classes as well.
| IRAS catalogues and atlases - Atlas of low-resolution spectra
Plots of all 5425 spectra in the IRAS catalogue of low-resolutionspectra are presented. The catalogue contains the average spectra ofmost IRAS poiont sources with 12 micron flux densities above 10 Jy.
| Kinematics and ages of Mira variables in the greater solar neighborhood
The kinematical information at hand for 124 Mira variables in thegreater solar neighborhood leads to a new assessment of the galacticvelocity components of each star relative to local circular velocity,and period-spectrum data for the same stars lead to an estimate of theirindividual main sequence masses and ages. The U, V, and W velocitydispersions are larger for the oldest group of Miras. A comparison ofthese results with previous investigations of the motions of mainsequence stars, in view of two major selection effects, yields goodaccord between the kinematical properties of the two groups. A study ofthe motions of planetary nebulae in the greater solar neighborhood leadsto the conclusions that the star-spawning interstellar clouds haveapparently undergone a slow and largely linear collapse toward thegalactic plane, and that the rotary motions of the interstellar mediumin the plane have slowly but steadily become less eccentric.
| The distance of large Amplitude Red Variables
It is pointed out that the determination of the distance for LargeAmplitude Red Variables (LARV) has presented difficulties in connectionwith problems regarding the derivation of the visual absolute magnitude(Mv) of the variables. The considered investigation provides estimatesof the distance of 43 LARV on the basis of a procedure which employs anew period-spectrum-luminosity relation to obtain Mv. The accuracy ofthe estimated values is discussed. For the relatively near stars, theaccuracy is improved more than 50 percent. The error in the reportedestimates is approximately 20 percent. For stars which do not show avery pronounced intrinsic variation from cycle to cycle, there may be anerror of 15 percent regarding the estimated distance, if the Mvdispersion is plus or minus 0.3.
| Observations of SiO maser sources at 43.122 GHz
Eight new SiO maser sources were detected at 43.122 GHz in a search madein 1977 August with the Itapetinga radio telescope, from a search listof about 80 objects which included Mira variables, M supergiants, carbonstars, and S stars. One of the new sources is a symbiotic star, thefirst star of this type to present maser emission. Eighteen previouslyknown SiO sources were reobserved, and the H2O emission at 22.235 GHz ofthe SiO sources was observed at the same epoch, to provide a measurementof ratios of SiO to H2O maser fluxes. The interesting implications ofour results are discussed.
| Intrinsic amplitude and molecular absorption of Mira stars
Interpretation of the luminous variation of the Mira stars results in anempirical relationship demonstrating that the visual amplitude isdetermined by the maximum magnitude variation and by the variation ofthe atmospheric molecular condensation of TiO in the time intervalrequired by a star to change from minimum to maximum magnitude. Theempirical relationship accounts for intrinsic characteristics of theMira stars, such as the period-luminosity relation noted by Clayton andFeast (1969). In addition, the amplitude relationship may be applied tothe SRa stars and probably to long-period variables in general.
| Light and colour variation of the Mira stars
A total of 3743 V, B-V and U-B photoelectric measurements of 60Mira-type variable stars, mainly in the southern hemisphere, were madeat the Cerro Tololo Inter-American Observatory during 14 observationperiods, from December 1972 to March 1974. Light curves are given foreach star based on a probable graphic interpolation as a function oftime. Elements of each light and color curve are derived. The principalcharacteristics observed in the V curves are that the form of variationremains the same in each star and that there are groups of stars whoselight curves are similar, even though the elements are not constant. Thevariation of the color indices is also analyzed, showing the mostimportant properties.
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